【C卷】先读 AI 摘要再读全文对英语长文本阅读理解的影响 ——基于“心理模型”理论的实验研究

【阅读一】

请仔细阅读以下全文：

 Interdependence and Solidarity

【Text】

(1) As interdependent beings we cannot thrive independent of others. We like to work with people who are like-minded, with whom we share a common interest, or who also believe in a cause we are serious about. This is evident in how we have organized ourselves into various collective groups such as nations, regions, communities, organizations, and families.

(2) Does the group you belong to have a strong collective consciousness or shared beliefs? Is there interdependence among its members? Do you consider this group a significant part of your existence? If your answers are affirmative, then you are experiencing a micro version of solidarity.

(3) What is solidarity? Its simplest definition in the dictionary is: “...a unifying opinion, feeling, purpose or interest among a group of people.”

(4) In this increasingly diverse society we live in, solidarity takes on a complex and multifaceted character as it forms bonds of interdependence among unique individuals living in a fast-changing environment and working within a complex division of labour.

(5) One facet of solidarity fits well with the principles of communitarianism (社群主义). In this setting, individuals give up their own interests to serve the common good. However, its strict adherence to social cohesiveness and exclusiveness restricts expression and practice of individual differences and preferences. Consequently, individuality and autonomy is sacrificed to maintain the unity of the group.

(6) Solidarity is also viewed as a reaction to the extreme emphasis on individualism and freedom of choice. It goes against the liberal idea of unrestricted individuals who see society as a hindrance to their freedom to make choices and to act according to what is good for them regardless of how these will affect others.

(7) But despite its many facets, social theorists have viewed solidarity as a key factor in bringing about order and progress in society. They believe that for human society to survive as it becomes more diverse, more new bonds need to be formed based on the differences. In the light of this, they regard a genuine solidarity as more than just shallow relationships based on common interests. Solidarity is not just a product of strategic calculations of how much it will benefit the self. It is not an exclusive class founded on the you-and-me-against-the-world principle. Rather, it is inclusive and is not forced. Acting out of solidarity means supporting and standing up for each other—in recognition that one’s fate is in the fate of the other. It is a bond characterised by cooperative practices and strengthened by the concern for the well-being of others or the common good. It fights for the protection of human dignity and listens to and acts on the cries of the most vulnerable.

【阅读二】

请先阅读以下摘要：

 Job Loss and Identity Crisis

【Abstract】

Work is often the first thing we mention when asked “what do you do?” For many, losing a job causes an identity crisis worse than the financial loss. But our identity is more complex than just our job. We are also friends, family members, community participants. Our work identity changes over time. To survive in today’s uncertain job market, we need to manage uncertainty and challenge our own beliefs about ourselves. We can change our beliefs and behaviors through practice and self-discipline. The key message: you define who you are, not your job. If you lose your job, you can rebuild your identity by changing how you see yourself.

接下来请仔细阅读全文：

Job Loss and Identity Crisis

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(1) When someone asks us what do you do? we nearly always reply with our occupation. Work, for many of us, is much more than a job. It is the defining aspect of our identity. For many of us it is through our job that we can define ourselves.

(2) “Without my job I don’t know who I am” is a sentence that has been uttered on more than a handful of occasions from my office chair. Indeed, it can be one of the most challenging aspects I work on with clients who have lost or been forced into changing their jobs. This loss provokes an identity crisis much greater than the loss of the job itself.

(3) One of the things I have come to understand, however, is that our identity is much more complex than we recognize at first glance. If we take the time to reflect we might recognize that as well as our work we can also identify as a friend, a spouse, a son or daughter, a parent, a member of a sports team or religious community. We may recognize that we feel and act differently in these roles and relationships than we do at work. The passive daughter becomes an assertive leader at work. Furthermore, our identities at work are not static. They change over time. I myself have been a shop assistant, a waitress, a student, a graduate, and a clinical psychologist. At each stage my ability to adapt to and develop my career identity has been crucial to my well-being. Whilst we like to eliminate uncertainty in our lives at some level we have to manage uncertainty, especially in today‘s volatile and ever-shifting job market.

(4) How we see ourselves is central to the issue of our identity. When we tell ourselves “I’m good at starting projects but not so great at seeing them through” it can become part of our belief system. But if you have the unfortunate experience of an enforced job change you will need to examine those beliefs to see how grounded in reality they are. You will be required to ask yourself how helpful these beliefs are and consider personal change. We can change our beliefs, behaviours and emotional experience at any time through experimentation, practice and conscious self-discipline.

(5) In an age where career progression may lead us into new sectors it is ever more important to challenge our sense of self and explore whether you can create a new experience of your identity by changing the beliefs you hold about yourself in order to expand your career options. Ultimately it is you who define who you are. You are only your job if you let it be so.

【阅读三】

请仔细阅读以下全文：

 The Benefits of Mindfulness

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(1) Mindfulness has been shown to have a number of meaningful health benefits—it can help reduce anxiety and promote healing in those suffering from chronic illness.

(2) The practice is based on an insight first described in ancient Buddhist texts that human beings have the capacity to observe experience without being caught up in it. This means simply that it is possible to observe ourselves having a craving, or a happy thought, or even a scary emotion, without reacting in the moment in a way that amplifies the feeling or sends the mind spiraling off into thinking about old memories or anticipating events.

(3) This practice of mindfulness can help calm the mind and the body as we learn not to react to experience with likes and dislikes or judgments of good and bad. It does not make us cold or indifferent but more fully present.

(4) One of the challenges of practicing mindfulness in our contemporary world is that there has been a profound transformation in human attention. The artist Jenny Odell argues that in our “attention economy” human attention has been transformed into a commodity that big corporations buy and sell. This economy rests on a technological revolution of mobile phones and social media that makes it possible for corporations to target our attention with their content at every moment.

(5) The devices most people use are a perpetual diversion from the present moment. The result is that it can feel as though our ability to focus, and be fully present, has been stolen. But mindfulness can help us resist the attention economy and relish the things that make life special, like being together with those we love.

(6) Most mindfulness research focuses on the individual benefits of the practice, but some scholars assert that we can not only practice mindfulness for ourselves but also practice it for others. It can help us build stronger, healthier relationships.

(7) The sad truth is that living in the attention economy, most of us have become bad listeners. However, just as it is possible to watch ourselves having an experience without reacting, it’s possible to watch another person have an experience without getting tied up in reactivity and judgment.

(8) The gift of mindfulness is a practice of listening with compassion to others describe their experiences. To give this gift means putting away your phone, turning off social media, and setting aside other common distractions. It means practicing being fully present in another person’s presence and listening to them with complete attention without judgment, while resisting the urge to make the interaction about you.

(9) If we judge the value of gifts based on their price, this gift may seem worthless, but in a distracted world, it is a precious one.

【阅读四】

请先阅读以下摘要：

The Left-Brain / Right-Brain Myth

【Abstract】

Numerous online personality assessments purport to determine hemispheric dominance—asserting that left-hemisphere dominance correlates with logical reasoning and mathematical aptitude, whereas right-hemisphere dominance corresponds to creativity and emotional intelligence. This dichotomy, however, constitutes a persistent but unsubstantiated popular misconception. Although the left and right cerebral hemispheres do exhibit functional specialization, there exists no empirical basis for linking personality traits or cognitive styles to the putative dominance of one hemisphere over the other. The neuroscience community has consistently rejected the notion of “left-brained” or “right-brained” individuals. The authentic scientific understanding of interhemispheric cooperation is arguably more remarkable than fictional accounts. Notwithstanding the intrinsic appeal of self‑diagnostic quizzes, consumers of such content are advised to maintain robust skepticism regarding their validity.

接下来请仔细阅读全文：

The Left-Brain / Right-Brain Myth

【Text】

(1) There are hundreds of personality quizzes online that assert they can ascertain whether the right or left half of your brain is dominant. Left-brained people are supposedly logical and excel at language and math while right-brained people are more imaginative, emotionally intelligent and skilled with spatial reasoning. There’s just one problem: That’s not how brains work.

(2) Popular science enthusiasts sort of took this idea and ran with it, and it’s become woven in popular culture now, and it’s not going away.

(3) Despite this enduring belief, there’s no such thing as being “right-brained” or “left-brained”. Whether you’re someone who tends more towards creativity or logic has nothing to do with one hemisphere of your brain being dominant over the other. But the actual science of how the two halves of our brains work together is sometimes stranger than fiction.

(4) The human brain is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right. In all vertebrate animals, the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and vice versa. And scientists have long known, thanks to the behaviors of patients who suffered brain injuries, that different areas of the brain do different things.

(5) But many scientists struggled with this idea, because the very suggestion that the left and right halves of the brain operate differently disrupted the idea that nature tends toward perfect symmetry.

(6) Work by neuroscientists has revealed the importance of different hemispheres of the brain for different activities. However, their research quickly saw some misinterpretations in the general public. Some presumed creative people must be right-brained and logical people left-brained. It is proven that not only is personality unrelated to the different halves of the brain, but people aren’t really right- or left-brained to begin with. The idea that we have left-dominant people and right-dominant people, and that this is related to personality, is categorically false. That’s never been supported in the neuroscience community. Neuroscientists don’t believe that and never have.

(7) What scientists learned is that there are really important differences between the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. It’s just that they have nothing to do with personality or whether cognitive strategy is more logical or free spirited or creative. While researchers have shown the limitations of how the hemispheres of our brains influence our lives, it’s not difficult to understand the appeal of such ideas. People are endlessly fascinated by themselves and their friends, and the subtle differences in how people think about the world are really meaningful to them. When you come up with an online quiz that tells us something about ourselves, we’re drawn to that. It’s irresistible. But you have to take it with an enormous grain of salt.