I. Basic Personal Information 1. Your Gender: (Single choice) Male Female Other Prefer not to disclose
4. 2. Your age (please fill in a number): ________ years old 5. 3. Your nationality: ________ 4. Your current city: (Single choice) Yiwu Other city:
5. How long have you lived in your current community? (Single choice) Less than 1 year 1–3 years 4–6 years 7–10 years More than 10 years
6. Your total length of stay in China: (Single choice) Less than 1 year 1–3 years 4–6 years 7–10 years More than 10 years
7. Your highest educational attainment: (Single choice) Primary school or below Junior high school High school/Vocational school College/University Master's degree or above
8. Your current marital status: (Single choice) Married Partnered/cohabiting Single Prefer not to disclose
9. How many children do you have? (Single choice) No, I don’t have a child. Yes, I have ________ child/children.
10. Your religion: (Single choice) None Islam Christianity (Protestant) Catholicism Orthodox Buddhism Hinduism Taoism Other: Prefer not to disclose
II. Language Background and Chinese Learning Experience 13. 1. Your native language is: _________ 2. Besides your native language, which languages can you use fluently? (Multiple choices) English Chinese (Mandarin) Spanish French Arabic Russian Japanese Korean Other: None
3. How do you evaluate your Chinese proficiency? (1–5 scale, 1 = very poor, 5 = excellent)
4. Have you received Chinese language training in China or other countries? (Multiple choice) Yes, in China Yea, in other countries No
5. How long have you studied Chinese? (Single choice) Less than 3 months 3 months to 1 year 1–3 years 4–6 years More than 6 years
6. Your current willingness to learn Chinese: (Single choice) Very willing Willing Neutral Reluctant Unwilling
7. How do you primarily learn Chinese currently? (Multiple choices) No Chinese learning experience Attend language training classes/school courses Online platforms (e.g., Duolingo, HelloChinese) Private tutor Practice with Chinese friends Self-study (books, podcasts, instructional videos) Learning through workplace exposure Watching Chinese TV shows/variety programs Using translation apps/dictionaries Other:
8. How would you rate your English proficiency? (1–5 scale, 1 = very poor, 5 = excellent)
III. Language Service Needs in Medical Settings 1. Have you or your family sought medical care in China? (Single choice) Yes No
2. If you need medical services, are you willing to seek care in China? (Single choice) Very willing Willing Neutral Reluctant Unwilling
3. If you are hesitant or unwilling to seek medical care in China, what are the main reasons? (Multiple choices) Lack of trust in medical standards Language barriers Insurance or cost issues Privacy concerns Religious or cultural concerns Unfamiliar with procedures Other: Never hesitant or unwilling
4. Which types of medical institutions have you visited in China? (Multiple choices) Public hospital Private hospital International clinic Community health service center Traditional Chinese Medicine clinic Online platforms Pharmacy consultation Other:
5. How often do you seek medical care in China? (Single choice) More than monthly Quarterly 1-2 times a year Rarely or almost never
6. In which of the following situations would you seek medical care in China? (Multiple choices) Common illnesses (e.g., cold, fever) Chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes) Serious illness or surgery Vaccinations Health check-ups Psychological counseling Obstetrics/gynecology-related Emergencies Other:
7. How would you rate your communication ability during medical visits? (Single choice) Unable to communicate at all Can describe simple symptoms Can handle basic consultations Can communicate fluently
8. How do you usually communicate during medical visits? (Multiple choices) On my own With help from family/friends Translation apps Company translator Hired translator Hospital translator Other:
9. Have you experienced any of the following language-related difficulties during medical visits? (Multiple choices) The doctor couldn’t understand my expressions I couldn’t understand the doctor’s explanations or medical terms I couldn't understand the prescriptions I couldn’t understand medication instructions or usage The doctor or nurse spoke English, but I still couldn’t understand Chinese-speaking companions (e.g., family/friends) present during medical visits but unable to translate medical terms Hired translator was unclear or inaccurate Translation was too expensive to afford Medical procedures were complex and not explained in a language I understand I was afraid of privacy leaks and avoided using a translator I did not encounter any communication difficulties Other:
10-a. Did you delay or give up medical care due to language barriers? (Single choice)
Frequently Occasionally Never Unsure
10-b. If yes, what were the reasons? (Multiple choices) Fear of misdiagnosis due to miscommunication Concerned about complex procedures No suitable translator or interpreter available Translation or Interpreting cost was too high Concern about unclear medical charges Privacy concerns Unfamiliarity with the medical system Other:
11. Do you think translation apps can meet your medical communication needs? (Single choice) Yes No
12. What types of language services would you like hospitals to provide? (Multiple choices) On-site translation and interpretation Remote phone/video interpreting Multilingual medical procedure guides/brochures Translation apps Advance appointment for translation or interpreting services Other:
13. If professional translators are provided, what payment method do you prefer? (Single choice) Free of charge Acceptable paid service No preference
14. If paid, what is the acceptable price per session? _______ RMB
Do you think drinking coffee while playing video games makes you nearsighted? (Please choose option C for this question) A. Yes B. No C. I'm happy. D. I don't know.
15. How much do you need language services in the following situations? (1 = Not needed at all, 5 = Highly needed)
General medical consultation
Obstetric check-up/ childbirth/ newborn care
Chronic disease treatment
Health check-up explanation
Payment/Insurance settlement
16. Do you have any identity preferences for doctors or interpreters during medical visits? (Single choice)
Doctor should share the same religious background
Interpreter should share the same religious background
Interpreter should be of the same gender
17. Have you ever found it difficult to express private or sensitive issues due to language barriers? (Single choice) Yes No
IV. Language Service Needs in Public Security and Legal Settings 1. Have you ever had contact with public security, immigration, or court departments in China? (Single choice) Never Occasionally Frequently
2. What types of matters have you dealt with? (Multiple choices) Reporting an incident or resolving disputes Handling traffic accidents Applying for or renewing a passport/visa Residence permit or foreigner registration and related documents Legal consultation or court appearances Other:
3. Did you encounter language barriers during the above processes? (Single choice) No Minor barriers Serious barriers
4. Did the relevant departments provide language assistance? (Single choice) Chinese-English translation Translation in my native language No translation provided Not sure
5. Do you think the English communication services of public security/immigration departments are sufficient? (Single choice) Sufficient, able to handle most matters Fair, some procedures are unclear Insufficient, would like more language options Have never used such services
6. Have you ever delayed or given up handling public/security matters due to language issues? (Single choice) Yes Occasionally No Not sure
7. In which situations would you like language services to be provided? (Multiple choices) Reporting incidents Document processing Legal consultation Court inquiries Document interpretation Other:
8. What types of language service formats do you prefer? (Multiple choices) On-site interpreters at police stations Remote video interpretation Multilingual emergency or consultation apps Multilingual step-by-step guides Translation services by appointment Other:
9. Do you find the current bilingual (Chinese-English) government documents helpful? (Single choice) Very helpful Somewhat helpful Not very helpful, I prefer documents in my native language I cannot read English documents at all
10. Would you like to see documents available in multiple languages? (Single choice) Not needed at all Neutral Somewhat needed Very much needed
V. Language Service Needs in Daily Life 1. How often do you encounter language barriers in the following daily scenarios? (Matrix question)
Renting a home / Viewing houses / Paying utilities
Getting a SIM card / Internet service
Post office / Courier services
Taking subway, bus, or other public transport
Taking taxis or ride-hailing services
Using government service platforms
Children’s schooling / Communication with schools
2. What kind of language services do you hope to provide in daily life scenarios? (Multiple choices)
Bilingual/multilingual apps (e.g., for services, payments) Availability of bilingual/multilingual staff at service points Multilingual signage in public spaces Foreign resident service windows in communities or subdistricts Printed or digital guides for daily service procedures Translation support for daily legal or consumer protection consultation Other suggestions:
3. Are you interested in participating in the following community language and cultural activities? (Multiple choices) Chinese language corners (language exchange) Chinese language classes for foreign residents Cross-cultural exchange activities (festivals, lectures, etc.) Language support for children (to adapt to school education) Not interested / Unable to participate
VI. Language Service Needs in Emergency Situations 1. Have you ever called emergency hotlines? (Multiple choices) 110 (Police) 120 (Ambulance) 119 (Fire) 12345 (Government service hotline) Never
2. Were you able to communicate effectively during the call? (Single choice) Smooth communication Some difficulty Unable to communicate Not applicable
3-a. What language(s) did the emergency operator use when speaking to you? (Multiple choices) Mandarin English My native language Not sure Other:
3-b. Did the language(s) used meet your communication needs? (Single choice) Yes Partially No
4. Have you ever hesitated or decided not to call due to language issues? (Single choice) No, I called without hesitation Yes, I hesitated but called eventually Yes, I decided not to call I’ve never had to make an emergency call
5. What kinds of language services would you like to have in emergency situations? (Multiple choices) Mandarin-English hotline Automatic translation Multilingual emergency app Hotline for foreign nationals Other:
59. 6. Please describe the most severe language communication difficulty you’ve experienced (optional): ________________________________