Survey on the Use of AI for Psychological Support, Self-disclosure and Distress


Survey on AI-Based Mental Health Support, Distress Disclosure, and Psychological Distress among Malaysian University Students
Hi, and thank you for taking the time to participate in this study.
My name is ZHANG ZIHAN, a final-year Psychology student at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). I am currently conducting this research as part of my final year project.

Purpose of the Study
This study aims to examine the relationship between AI-based mental health support, distress disclosure tendency, and psychological distress among university students in Malaysia.

What You Will Be Asked to Do
If you agree to participate, you will complete an online questionnaire consisting of:

Basic demographic questions
Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Scale (AIMHS)
Distress Disclosure Index (DDI)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21)

The questionnaire will take approximately 8–12 minutes to complete.

Eligibility Criteria
To participate in this study, you must:
be currently enrolled in a higher education institution in Malaysia
be a Diploma or Bachelor’s Degree student
be 18 years old or above
be able to understand English

Voluntary Participation
Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You may choose not to participate or stop completing the questionnaire at any time without any penalty.

Confidentiality and Anonymity
All responses will be kept strictly confidential and anonymous. No personally identifiable information will be collected, and the data will be used for academic research purposes only. The findings may be reported in academic writing, but individual responses will not be identifiable.

If you have any questions regarding thisresearch, you may contact the researcher at:
a199523@siswa.ukm.edu.my
+60 162115372

Thank you very much for your time and participation.
 
Basic Demographic Questions.
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Your current educational level is:
4. Your current year of study is:
5. The current major category you are studying is:
6. The frequency with which you use the AI conversation tool is approximately:
7. In the past three months, have you used AI conversation tools (such as ChatGPT, Gemini, or Doubao) to express emotions, relieve stress, or seek comfort?
Section A: Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Scale (AIMHS)

This section contains 5 statements about your views on the use of AI chatbots for mental health support. AI chatbots may provide accessible, convenient, and continuous support, such as emotional support, coping guidance, and help in managing distress. Although they cannot replace traditional therapy, they may still be seen as a helpful support resource by some people.

When answering the questions, please respond based on your personal views and perceptions about AI chatbots used for mental health support. There are no right or wrong answers.


Please choose the response that best reflects your opinion.

1. Artificial intelligence chatbots cannot achieve empathy levels comparable to those of a human therapist.
2. Artificial intelligence chatbots can demonstrate better problem-solving skills compared to a human therapist.
3. Artificial intelligence chatbots can expand access to mental health care by reducing geographic barriers.
4. Artificial intelligence chatbots can expand access to mental health care by providing continuous access (24/7 availability).
5. Artificial intelligence chatbots can expand access to mental health care by reducing financial barriers.
Section B: Distress Disclosure Index (DDI)

This section contains 12 statements about how you usually respond when you feel upset, sad, distressed, or troubled.

When answering the questions, please respond based on your usual way of dealing with personal problems and emotional distress.


Please choose the response that best describes your typical behavior.

1. When I feel upset, I usually confide in my friends.
2. I prefer not to talk about my problems.
3. When something unpleasant happens to me, I often look for someone to talk to.
4. I typically don’t discuss things that upset me.
5. When I feel depressed or sad, I tend to keep those feelings to myself.
6. I try to find people to talk with about my problems.
7. When I am in a bad mood, I talk about it with my friends.
8. If I have a bad day, the last thing I want to do is talk about it.
9. I rarely look for people to talk with when I am having a problem.
10. When I’m distressed I don’t tell anyone.
11. I usually seek out someone to talk to when I am in a bad mood.
12. I am willing to tell others my distressing thoughts.

Section C: DASS-21

This section contains 21 statements about emotional states related to depression, anxiety, and stress. It asks about how much each statement applied to you.When answering the questions, please respond based on your actual experiences during the past week. There are no right or wrong answers, and please do not spend too much time on any one statement.


The rating scale is as follows:
0            Did not apply to me at all
1            Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time
2            Applied to me to a considerable degree or a good part of time
3            Applied to me very much or most of the time

Please choose the response that best reflects your recent experience.

1 (s). I found it hard to wind down.
2 (a). I was aware of dryness of my mouth.
3 (d). I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all.
4 (a). I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g. excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion).
5 (d). I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things.
6 (s). I tended to over-react to situations.
7 (a). I experienced trembling (e.g. in the hands).
8 (s). I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy.
9 (a). I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool
of myself.
10 (d). I felt that I had nothing to look forward to.
11 (s). I found myself getting agitated.
12 (s). I found it difficult to relax.
13 (d). I felt down-hearted and blue.
14 (s). I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I
was doing.
15 (a). I felt I was close to panic.
16 (d). I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything.
17 (d). I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person.
18 (s). I felt that I was rather touchy.
19 (a). I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g. sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat).
20 (a). I felt scared without any good reason.
21 (d). I felt that life was meaningless.
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