Pilot

Research Title / 研究题目

Systemic and Structural Disparities Influencing Intergenerational Mobility and Social Equity in China’s Higher Education

中国高等教育中影响代际流动与社会公平的系统性与结构性差异


Questionnaire Information / 问卷填写说明

This questionnaire forms part of a doctoral research project at Universiti Malaya. It examines students’ educational experiences, access to opportunities and support, perceptions of fairness, and expectations for their future, in relation to family background, geographical circumstances, and educational settings.

本问卷属于马来亚大学博士研究项目，旨在了解家庭背景、地区条件及教育环境与学生的教育经历、机会和支持获取、公平认知及未来发展预期之间的关系。

You are eligible to participate if you are aged 18 years or above, are currently enrolled in a full-time bachelor’s degree or junior college (ZhuanKe) diploma programme at a recognised higher education institution in mainland China, and can understand the Chinese-language information and questionnaire. Eligible programmes include general and vocational bachelor’s degree programmes and junior college or higher vocational diploma programmes.

如果您已年满18岁，目前在中国大陆依法设立的高校接受全日制本科或专科层次学历教育，并能够理解中文说明和问卷，即符合本调查的基本参与条件。符合范围的项目包括普通本科、职业本科、普通专科及高职专科。

Please read the Participant Information Sheet before deciding whether to participate. The questionnaire is expected to take approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Participation is entirely voluntary and unpaid. Whether you participate will not affect your grades, enrolment, financial assistance, or relationship with your institution.

请在决定是否参加前阅读《参与者信息表》。问卷预计约需10到15分钟。参与完全自愿，不提供报酬。是否参加不会影响您的成绩、学籍、资助或与所在高校的关系。

Eligibility confirmation and informed consent are required before proceeding. All subsequent substantive questions may be skipped. Please answer according to your own circumstances and submit the questionnaire only once.

进入正式问卷前需要完成资格确认和知情同意。之后的所有实质问题均可跳过。请根据您的实际情况回答，并仅提交一次。

The questionnaire does not ask for your name, student number, institution name, or contact details. Please do not include information identifying yourself or others in open-ended answers. If you wish to volunteer for a subsequent interview, you may do so through a separate registration form after submitting the questionnaire. That registration will not be linked to your individual questionnaire answers.

问卷不要求填写姓名、学号、学校名称或联系方式。请勿在开放回答中填写能够识别本人或他人身份的信息。如您愿意报名参加后续访谈，可在提交问卷后通过另一份独立表格报名。报名信息不会与您的个人问卷答案关联。

Eligibility Confirmation / 参与资格确认

Please answer the following questions before proceeding.

请在继续填写前回答以下问题。

You must select ‘Yes’ for all four questions to proceed to the electronic consent stage; if you select ‘No’ for any one of them, the process will end.

您必须四项均选“是”才进入电子同意，任一项选“否”则结束。

S1. Are you aged 18 years or above?您是否已年满18岁？

S2. Are you currently enrolled at a recognised higher education institution in mainland China?您目前是否在中国大陆依法设立的高校就读？

S3. Are you currently undertaking a full-time bachelor’s degree or junior college diploma programme, including an eligible vocational education programme?您目前是否正在接受全日制本科或专科层次学历教育，包括相应的职业教育项目？

S4. Can you understand the Chinese-language participant information and questionnaire?您是否能够理解中文参与者说明和问卷内容？

Informed Consent / 知情同意

By selecting “I agree to participate”, I confirm that:

• I have read and understood the Participant Information Sheet and have had the opportunity to ask questions.

• I meet the participation criteria stated above.

• I understand that participation is voluntary, that substantive questions may be skipped, and that I may stop before submitting the questionnaire without penalty.

• I understand that no link between my identity and an individual questionnaire response will be maintained. Consequently, after submission, the researcher cannot retrieve and withdraw my response using my name or contact details.

• I voluntarily agree to participate under the arrangements described in the Participant Information Sheet.

选择“我同意参加”，即表示本人确认：

• 我已阅读并理解《参与者信息表》，并有机会提出问题。
• 我符合上述参与条件。
• 我理解参与完全自愿，可以跳过实质问题，也可以在提交问卷前停止填写，不会受到任何惩罚。
• 我理解研究者不会建立本人身份与单份问卷答案之间的对应关系。因此，提交后，研究者无法根据我的姓名或联系方式查找并撤回该份回答。
• 我自愿按照《参与者信息表》说明的安排参加本研究。

Informed Consent / 知情同意

Section A. Basic Information / 基本信息

(All responses are anonymous / 所有回答均为匿名)

1. Gender / 性别：
2. Age / 年龄：
Please enter your age in completed years. You may leave this blank.

请填写您的周岁年龄，也可以留空。

3. Before entering higher education, where did you mainly grow up? 进入高等教育之前，您主要成长的环境属于哪一类？

This question concerns your actual upbringing, rather than your household registration (hukou).

本题询问您的实际成长环境，而非户籍所在地或户籍性质。

4. In which province-level area did you mainly receive upper secondary education before entering higher education? 进入高等教育之前，您主要在哪个省级地区接受高中阶段教育？

Upper secondary education includes general senior secondary schools and secondary vocational education. If you studied in more than one province-level area, select the one where you spent the most time. If no main location can be identified, select the corresponding option below.

高中阶段教育包括普通高中及中等职业教育。如果曾跨省就读，请选择就读时间最长的省级地区；如果无法确定主要地点，请选择下方相应选项。

5. In which region is the campus where you currently mainly study located? 您目前主要就读的校区位于哪个地区？

Please answer according to the location of the campus where you mainly study, rather than your hometown or another campus of the same institution.

请根据您目前主要就读校区的所在地回答，而非家乡或同一学校其他校区的所在地。

6. What is the level of the programme in which you are currently enrolled? 您目前就读项目的学历层次是？

7. What type of higher education institution do you currently attend? 您目前就读的高校属于哪种类型？

Your programme level and institution type may differ. Please answer Questions 6 and 7 separately. If you are unsure of your institution’s category, select “Do not know” rather than guessing.

个人就读的学历层次与所在学校的类型可能不同，请分别回答题6和题7。如果不确定学校类型，请选择“不清楚”，无需猜测。

8. What is your current year of study in this programme? 您目前在该项目中就读的年级是？

9. What is the highest level of education your father has completed? 您父亲已经完成的最高学历或教育阶段是？

10. What is the highest level of education your mother has completed? 您母亲已经完成的最高学历或教育阶段是？

11. Approximately what was your household’s average total monthly income over the past 12 months? 过去12个月，您家庭平均每月总收入大约属于哪个区间？

Please estimate the total income of your household, rather than income per person. Amounts are in Renminbi (RMB).

请估计家庭总收入，而非家庭人均收入。金额单位为人民币。

Section B. Educational Experience / 教育经历

For Questions 12-15, please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement, based on your own experiences. If you cannot judge or the statement does not apply to you, select the corresponding option. You may also skip any question.

对于问题12-15，请根据您的实际经历，选择您对各项陈述的同意程度。如果无法判断或题目不适用于您的情况，请选择相应选项。您也可以跳过任何问题。
12. My family encourages me to pursue higher education. 我的家庭鼓励我接受高等教育

13. Before entering higher education, I had access to good teachers and school resources. 进入高等教育之前，我能够获得优质教师指导和良好的学校资源。

14. My institution offers equal learning opportunities to students from different family backgrounds. 我所在的学校为不同家庭背景的学生提供平等的学习机会。

15. During my current higher education studies, financial pressure has limited my participation in learning or campus activities.在目前的高等教育学习期间，经济压力限制了我参与学习或校园活动。

16. Have you received a scholarship or financial assistance during your current higher education studies? 在目前的高等教育学习期间，您是否获得过奖学金或经济资助？

Section C1. Perceptions of Fairness and Opportunity / 公平与机会认知

17. In my view, admission processes in China’s higher education institutions are fair. 在我看来，中国高校的录取过程是公平的。

18. Students from rural areas have equal opportunities to enter Double First-Class universities as students from urban areas or towns. 农村学生与城市或城镇学生进入双一流建设高校的机会平等。

19. Relevant government policies, such as scholarships, financial assistance, and admission-quota arrangements, help reduce educational inequality. 政府的相关政策，如奖助学金和招生指标安排，有助于减少教育不平等。

20. In my view, China’s higher education system is becoming more equitable over time. 我认为，中国的高等教育体系正逐渐变得更加公平。

Section C2. Educational Resources and Support / 教育资源与支持

Please think about your experiences before entering your current higher education programme. Indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement. If you cannot judge or the statement does not apply to you, select the corresponding option. You may skip any question.

请回顾您进入目前就读的高等教育项目之前的经历，选择您对各项陈述的同意程度。如果无法判断或题目不适用于您的情况，请选择相应选项。您可以跳过任何问题。

21. When preparing to enter my current higher education programme, I had access to useful information or guidance about choosing institutions or programmes, or preparing for admission.在准备进入目前就读的高等教育项目时，我能够获得有关学校选择、专业选择或入学准备的有用信息或指导。

22. Before entering my current higher education programme, family members, teachers, or other people were available to provide advice or support for my educational choices. 在进入目前就读的高等教育项目之前，家人、老师或其他人能够为我的升学选择提供建议或支持。

23. Before entering my current higher education programme, I felt confident that higher education was a suitable path for me. 在进入目前就读的高等教育项目之前，我有信心认为自己适合接受高等教育。

Section D. Future Outlook and Perceived Mobility / 未来展望与流动认知

Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements about higher education and your future. These questions concern your current beliefs, expectations, and intentions. If you cannot judge or a statement does not apply to you, select the corresponding option. You may skip any question.

请就以下关于高等教育及您未来发展的陈述，选择您的同意程度。这些问题关注您目前的看法、预期和意向。如果无法判断或题目不适用于您的情况，请选择相应选项。您可以跳过任何问题。

24. I believe that higher education is an important pathway to upward social mobility in China. 我认为，高等教育是中国实现社会向上流动的重要途径。

25. After graduation, I expect to have better career opportunities than my parents.毕业后，我预期能够获得比父母更好的职业发展机会。

26. I plan to pursue further study or professional development to improve my social status.我计划继续深造或进行职业发展，以提升自己的社会地位。

Section E. Open-Ended Question / 开放性问题

This question is optional. You may share any suggestions you consider relevant, or leave the answer blank. Please do not include your name, student number, institution name, contact details, or information that could identify other people.

本题为选答题。您可以分享您认为相关的建议，也可以留空。请勿填写姓名、学号、学校名称、联系方式，或能够识别他人身份的信息。

27. What changes, if any, would you suggest to improve fairness and opportunities in China’s higher education?对于改善中国高等教育中的公平与机会，您有哪些建议？如果没有，也可以不填写。

Optional Follow-Up Interview / 自愿参加后续访谈

If you would like to be considered for a follow-up interview, you may open the separate interview registration form below. The interview is expected to last approximately 45–90 minutes and will be conducted in Mandarin Chinese, either online or in person by mutual agreement.

如果您愿意报名参加后续访谈，可以打开下方的独立访谈报名表。

Open the Separate Interview Registration Form / 打开独立访谈报名表


Open the Separate Interview Registration Form / 打开独立访谈报名表

访谈预计持续45–90分钟，以普通话进行，线上或面对面的具体安排将由双方协商确定。

Registration is voluntary. The separate form will ask for your preferred contact details and optional background information to help the researcher consider participants with different experiences. This information will be kept confidential and will not be linked to your individual questionnaire answers.

报名完全自愿。独立表格将询问您方便使用的联系方式及自愿提供的背景信息，以便研究者考虑具有不同经历的访谈人选。这些信息将被保密保存，不会与您的个人问卷答案关联。

Registering does not guarantee selection or commit you to an interview. If you are invited, you will receive an interview Participant Information Sheet and be asked to provide separate informed consent before participating.

报名不保证入选，也不意味着您已经同意接受访谈。如果获得邀请，您将在访谈前收到访谈《参与者信息表》，并另行决定是否提供知情同意。

If you do not wish to register, you may simply submit the survey and close this page.

如果您不希望报名，可以直接提交后关闭本页面。

Separate Interview Registration Form / 独立访谈报名表
Your responses will remain confidential and anonymous, and will be used for academic research only. 您的回答将被严格保密，仅用于学术研究。
Kindly write down your contact details.
请填写您的联系方式。

Thank You / 感谢参与

Your responses will remain confidential and anonymous, and will be used for academic research only. 您的回答将被严格保密，仅用于学术研究。
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