Sewage treatment, eutrophication and thermal pollution
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2. In the removal of a pollutant from wastewater, which of the following is true of the cost per unit of pollutant removed?
A. It decreases as the toxicity of the pollutant increases.
B. It decreases as the time passed before remediation increases.
C. It increases as the concentration of the pollutant decreases.
D. It increases as the volume of the wastewater decreases.
E. It does not change over time or with concentration of pollutant.
3. Major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include commercial fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution, and
A. disposal of refrigeration units
B. discharge of sewage to surface waters
C. ocean dumping of trash
D. use of persistent pesticides
E. oil spills like those in the Gulf of Mexico
4. Step P. Water is passed through a screen to remove debris.
Step Q. Pathogenic organisms are killed by chlorination, UV, or ozone.
Step R. Suspended particles clump and settle out.
Step S. A floccing agent, such as alum, is added to the water.
The processes described above are steps in the purification and treatment of municipal wastewater. The steps are listed in random order. Which of the following lists the steps in the correct sequence?
A. S → P → R → Q
B. S → R → P → Q
C. Q → S → P → R
D. P → Q → R → S
E. P → S → R → Q
5. The presence of which of the following contaminants would be the strongest reason for judging municipal sewage sludge unfit for use as fertilizer?
A. Human feces
B. Ammonia
C. Phosphates
D. Nitrates
E. Heavy metals
6. Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms?
A. Bar screen
B. Grit-settling tank
C. Activated-sludge tank
D. Chlorination tank
E. Ultraviolet-light array
7. Which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant?
A. Freon
B. Alcohol
C. Phosphate
D. Ammonia
E. Ozone
8. Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the United States?
A. They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage.
B. They use stormwater runoff to assist in the treatment process.
C. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater.
D. They have largely eliminated cultural eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay.
E. They release wastewater that is not regulated by the Clean Water Act.
9. All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT
A. applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants
B. dredging out lakes to deepen them
C. pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water
D. introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants
E. adding nitrates
10. Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of
A. toxic pH levels in the water
B. asphyxiation from lack of oxygen
C. toxic levels of mercury in the water
D. toxic concentrations of salt in the water
E. a lack of sufficient minerals in the water
11. If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result?
A. Chlorination
B. Decomposition
C. Eutrophication
D. Oxygenation
E. Methylation
12. Based on the diagram, which of the following is an expected consequence of runoff and sewage in an aquatic environment?
A. Decreased oxygen levels in surface water as a result of a decrease in photosynthetic rates by algae
B. Increased oxygen levels in bottom water from increased rates of cellular respiration in decomposers
C. Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity
D. Increased oxygen production by decomposition of dead fish and other aquatic organisms
13. In August of 2014, residents of several Ohio cities that use Lake Erie as a drinking water source were warned not to drink tap water because of the presence of toxins released by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie?
A. Increased recreational use of Lake Erie
B. Cooler average summer temperatures
C. Phosphorus contained in agricultural runoff
D. Carbon in wastewater from fracking operations
E. Chlorine from sewage treatment plants along Lake Erie’s shoreline
14. Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as
A. buffered
B. climax
C. eutrophic
D. oligotrophic
E. stratified
15. A laboratory experiment was done to show the effects of organic waste on the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water. Five tanks were set up, each containing fresh water and a small amount of single-celled green algae. Specified amounts of organic waste were added to the tanks. The results below show the amount of DO in each tank after a period of one week.
What is the main purpose for the experiment?
A. To determine how much O2 the algae can produce
B. To show how much CO2 is consumed by decomposition
C. To collect data to determine how waste in water can be useful
D. To demonstrate that initial DO is not important
E. To observe the effect of organic waste on DO
16. Which of the following would best improve the validity of the experiment?
A. Eliminating tank 1, because the DO stayed the same
B. Observing the results of adding organic waste to tanks containing salt water
C. Repeating the experiment several times and comparing the results
D. Increasing the amounts of green algae in each of the tanks, with tank 5 having the greatest amount
E. Adding different types of waste to each tank and then checking the results
17. Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication?
A. Decreased rates of sediment accumulation
B. Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae
C. Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column
D. Increased water clarity in the epilimnion
E. Increased levels of plant nutrients
18. Which of the following is the usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries?
A. Lack of proper filtration devices for power plant effluents
B. Introduction of cyanobacteria to streams and rivers
C. Runoff of metal ions in bodies of water
D. Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water
E. Runoff of herbicides into bodies of water
19. Which of the following will result in accelerated eutrophication when introduced into streams, lakes, and bays?
A. Bacteria and viruses
B. Pesticides
C. Herbicides
D. Phosphates
E. Acid wastes and salts
20. A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake?
A. The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources.
B. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.
C. Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels.
D. Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.
21. When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result?
A. Biodiversity of aquatic life in the adjacent waterways would decrease because the used coolant water is radioactive.
B. The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.
C. Salinity in the adjacent waterways would increase because of dissolved solids in the used coolant water.
D. Nutrient levels in the adjacent waterways would increase because of phosphorous in the used coolant water.
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